Which methodology is NOT typically used in quantitative research?

Focus groups are primarily a qualitative research methodology. They involve gathering a small group of individuals to discuss a specific topic or set of topics, providing rich, detailed insights into participants' thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. This method relies on open-ended questions and discussion, allowing for a deep exploration of the subject matter.

In contrast, quantitative research methodologies, such as surveys, experiments, and observational studies, focus on quantifying data and establishing relationships between variables through measurement and statistical analysis. Surveys typically gather numerical data that can be analyzed statistically; experiments manipulate variables to observe their effects in a controlled environment; and observational studies involve systematically observing events or behaviors in a structured manner to quantify outcomes. Thus, focus groups stand out as the methodology that does not fit within the framework of quantitative research.