Which statement best describes the relationship between reliability and validity?

The relationship between reliability and validity is nuanced, and the correct statement emphasizes that validity is dependent on reliable measurements. In essence, for a test or measurement to be deemed valid, it first must produce consistent results, which is represented by reliability. If a measurement is not reliable—meaning it produces varying results under consistent conditions—then it cannot accurately claim to measure what it intends to measure (validity).

For instance, if a scale is not reliable and gives different weight readings each time a person steps on it, then it cannot be considered a valid measure of that person's weight. Therefore, while a test can be reliable without being valid, validity inherently requires some level of reliability. This relationship underscores the importance of having both elements working together to ensure a measurement accurately reflects the concept it aims to assess.